Berikut daftar nilai AGAMA ISLAM Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 11 IPA/IPS
1. Abdul 55 1. Andria 81 1. Agung 43
2. Abiyyu 82 2. Aries 32 2. Astari 61
3. Jaka 75 3. Bagas 53 3. Brigitta -
4. Beryl 46 4. Bella 66 4. Daud -
5. Gasani 72 5. cantika 80 5. Debby -
6. Dzulfahmi 62 6. Clara 77 6. Desi 72
7. Efdise 69 7. Fatma 89 7. Fajar 54
8. Hazim 61 8. Hilastia 68 8. Fariz 77
9. Hilmi 75 9. Nyoman - 9. Fatur 72
10. Intan 85 10. Gede Ivan - 10. Febrina 76
11. Faqih 67 11. Irfan 46 11. Fiya 78
12. Maria - 12. Ivendra 46 12. Gerry 61
13. Maulana 74 13. Karina 85 13. Helvia 85
14. Rofi 43 14. Kemal 77 14. Naufal 46
15. Togar 84 15. Lingga 78 15. Nurul 96
16. Nina 73 16. Maftuh 89 16. Panji 48
17. Radifan 53 17. Shiva 54 17. Putra -
18. Rafidah 92 18. Audy 75 18.Asya -
19. Regiana 64 19. Piyo 39 19. Rizki 77
20. Revinda 87 20. Putri 64 20. Tyas 69
21. Rosi 68 21. Rahayu 44 21. Yolanda 81
22. Suci 80 22. Ria 79 22. pingkan 60
23. Surya 38
24. Taufan 61
25. Ummu 61
26. Jibril -
berikut daftar nilai AGAMA ISLAM Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 12 IPA/IPS
1. Arief 39 1. Adinda 42
2. Deo 40 2. Adzani 70
3. Danan 58 3. Christine -
4. Febri - 4. Deri 54
5. Giovanny - 5. Destyowati 69
6. Intan - 6. Dwi 62
7. Michelle - 7. Eko 48
8. M. Irfan 66 8. Erwin -
9. Nanda 87 9. Hidayatul 39
10. Pandu 86 10. Farah 65
11. Reno 71 11. Indah 73
12. Risky 47 12. Juventa -
13. Sandra 46 13. Lastika 84
14. Willy 56 14. Meidina 69
15. Yasser 57 15. Rere 50
16. Reynaldi - 16. Sutrawan 70
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
Minggu, 08 Desember 2013
NILAI AGAMA ISLAM 2 Des'13 Kls X
Berikut daftar nilai AGAMA ISLAM Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 10
1. kifa 40 1. aditya 41
2. agnes 75 2. adnan 56
3. annisa 75 3. affan 60
4. aulia 78 4. anggun 75
5. brilian 79 5. annisa yusti 75
6. devi 85 6. arsyan 76
7. dhea 76 7. ermi 42
8. dimas 53 8. baasit 87
9. esa - 9. fadhilah 76
10. fabio 51 10. hendrawan 46
11. falentina 85 11. holillah 87
12. firda 85 12. ludmila 80
13. firya 82 13. maria 86
14. fitri 78 14. mahesa 62
15. imanuel - 15. naufal 64
16. ivo 78 16. nathalia -
17. joshua - 17. nimas 82
18. melinda 82 18. putri janis -
19. m. farhan 75 19. raisha 75
20. nico - 20. remasil 82
21. ratih 58 21. rizky 56
22. rochmadi 75 22. slamet 64
23. silva - 23. setyo hari 58
24. sisca 75 24. syarifah 75
25. yandika 64 25. tengku als 89
26. yoga 80 26. viku 78
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
1. kifa 40 1. aditya 41
2. agnes 75 2. adnan 56
3. annisa 75 3. affan 60
4. aulia 78 4. anggun 75
5. brilian 79 5. annisa yusti 75
6. devi 85 6. arsyan 76
7. dhea 76 7. ermi 42
8. dimas 53 8. baasit 87
9. esa - 9. fadhilah 76
10. fabio 51 10. hendrawan 46
11. falentina 85 11. holillah 87
12. firda 85 12. ludmila 80
13. firya 82 13. maria 86
14. fitri 78 14. mahesa 62
15. imanuel - 15. naufal 64
16. ivo 78 16. nathalia -
17. joshua - 17. nimas 82
18. melinda 82 18. putri janis -
19. m. farhan 75 19. raisha 75
20. nico - 20. remasil 82
21. ratih 58 21. rizky 56
22. rochmadi 75 22. slamet 64
23. silva - 23. setyo hari 58
24. sisca 75 24. syarifah 75
25. yandika 64 25. tengku als 89
26. yoga 80 26. viku 78
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
Nilai Inggris kls 10 ujian 2 des'13
Berikut daftar nilai english Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 10
1. kifa 36 1. aditya 35
2. agnes 48 2. adnan 20
3. annisa 45 3. affan 48
4. aulia 90 4. anggun 35
5. brilian 60 5. annisa yusti 80
6. devi 72 6. arsyan 80
7. dhea 37 7. ermi 30
8. dimas 50 8. baasit 78
9. esa 80 9. fadhilah 80
10. fabio 56 10. hendrawan 16
11. falentina 68 11. holillah 70
12. firda 82 12. ludmila 86
13. firya 70 13. maria 92
14. fitri 72 14. mahesa 36
15. imanuel 72 15. naufal 50
16. ivo 70 16. nathalia 48
17. joshua 60 17. nimas 80
18. melinda 72 18. putri janis 86
19. m. farhan 62 19. raisha 86
20. nico 50 20. remasil 86
21. ratih 52 21. rizky 35
22. rochmadi 78 22. slamet 78
23. silva 52 23. setyo hari 34
24. sisca 42 24. syarifah 70
25. yandika 66 25. tengku als 84
26. yoga 80 26. viku 75
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
1. kifa 36 1. aditya 35
2. agnes 48 2. adnan 20
3. annisa 45 3. affan 48
4. aulia 90 4. anggun 35
5. brilian 60 5. annisa yusti 80
6. devi 72 6. arsyan 80
7. dhea 37 7. ermi 30
8. dimas 50 8. baasit 78
9. esa 80 9. fadhilah 80
10. fabio 56 10. hendrawan 16
11. falentina 68 11. holillah 70
12. firda 82 12. ludmila 86
13. firya 70 13. maria 92
14. fitri 72 14. mahesa 36
15. imanuel 72 15. naufal 50
16. ivo 70 16. nathalia 48
17. joshua 60 17. nimas 80
18. melinda 72 18. putri janis 86
19. m. farhan 62 19. raisha 86
20. nico 50 20. remasil 86
21. ratih 52 21. rizky 35
22. rochmadi 78 22. slamet 78
23. silva 52 23. setyo hari 34
24. sisca 42 24. syarifah 70
25. yandika 66 25. tengku als 84
26. yoga 80 26. viku 75
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
Nilai Inggris kls 11 ujian 2 des'13
Berikut daftar nilai english Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 11 IPA/IPS
1. Abdul 46 1. Andria 72 1. Agung 22
2. Abiyyu 86 2. Aries 24 2. Astari 55
3. Jaka 90 3. Bagas 56 3. Brigitta 96
4. Beryl 80 4. Bella 35 4. Daud 22
5. Gasani 72 5. cantika 75 5. Debby 80
6. Dzulfahmi 66 6. Clara 35 6. Desi 65
7. Efdise 76 7. Fatma 78 7. Fajar -
8. Hazim 70 8. Hilastia 37 8. Fariz 55
9. Hilmi 62 9. Nyoman 52 9. Fatur 72
10. Intan 60 10. Gede Ivan 82 10. Febrina 75
11. Faqih 76 11. Irfan 42 11. Fiya 35
12. Maria 64 12. Ivendra 64 12. Gerry 35
13. Maulana 78 13. Karina 80 13. Helvia 66
14. Rofi 60 14. Kemal 84 14. Naufal 35
15. Togar 92 15. Lingga 75 15. Nurul 65
16. Nina 47 16. Maftuh 92 16. Panji 35
17. Radifan 98 17. Shiva 50 17. Putra 75
18. Rafidah 94 18. Audy 78 18.Asya -
19. Regiana 80 19. Piyo 16 19. Rizki 33
20. Revinda 94 20. Putri 92 20. Tyas 45
21. Rosi 57 21. Rahayu 37 21. Yolanda 40
22. Suci 68 22. Ria 46 22. pingkan 65
23. Surya 86
24. Taufan 77
25. Ummu 65
26. Jibril -
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
1. Abdul 46 1. Andria 72 1. Agung 22
2. Abiyyu 86 2. Aries 24 2. Astari 55
3. Jaka 90 3. Bagas 56 3. Brigitta 96
4. Beryl 80 4. Bella 35 4. Daud 22
5. Gasani 72 5. cantika 75 5. Debby 80
6. Dzulfahmi 66 6. Clara 35 6. Desi 65
7. Efdise 76 7. Fatma 78 7. Fajar -
8. Hazim 70 8. Hilastia 37 8. Fariz 55
9. Hilmi 62 9. Nyoman 52 9. Fatur 72
10. Intan 60 10. Gede Ivan 82 10. Febrina 75
11. Faqih 76 11. Irfan 42 11. Fiya 35
12. Maria 64 12. Ivendra 64 12. Gerry 35
13. Maulana 78 13. Karina 80 13. Helvia 66
14. Rofi 60 14. Kemal 84 14. Naufal 35
15. Togar 92 15. Lingga 75 15. Nurul 65
16. Nina 47 16. Maftuh 92 16. Panji 35
17. Radifan 98 17. Shiva 50 17. Putra 75
18. Rafidah 94 18. Audy 78 18.Asya -
19. Regiana 80 19. Piyo 16 19. Rizki 33
20. Revinda 94 20. Putri 92 20. Tyas 45
21. Rosi 57 21. Rahayu 37 21. Yolanda 40
22. Suci 68 22. Ria 46 22. pingkan 65
23. Surya 86
24. Taufan 77
25. Ummu 65
26. Jibril -
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
Nilai Inggris kls 12 ujian 2 des'13
berikut daftar nilai english Ujian 2 des' 13 kls 12 IPA/IPS
1. Arief 36 1. Adinda 70
2. Deo 20 2. Adzani 84
3. Danan 20 3. Christine 44
4. Febri 72 4. Deri 71
5. Giovanny 76 5. Destyowati 82
6. Intan - 6. Dwi 96
7. Michelle 17 7. Eko 76
8. M. Irfan 76 8. Erwin 72
9. Nanda 76 9. Hidayatul 45
10. Pandu 92 10. Farah 88
11. Reno 94 11. Indah 77
12. Risky 57 12. Juventa 40
13. Sandra 46 13. Lastika 80
14. Willy 26 14. Meidina 72
15. Yasser 44 15. Rere 70
16. Reynaldi 50 16. Sutrawan 70
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
1. Arief 36 1. Adinda 70
2. Deo 20 2. Adzani 84
3. Danan 20 3. Christine 44
4. Febri 72 4. Deri 71
5. Giovanny 76 5. Destyowati 82
6. Intan - 6. Dwi 96
7. Michelle 17 7. Eko 76
8. M. Irfan 76 8. Erwin 72
9. Nanda 76 9. Hidayatul 45
10. Pandu 92 10. Farah 88
11. Reno 94 11. Indah 77
12. Risky 57 12. Juventa 40
13. Sandra 46 13. Lastika 80
14. Willy 26 14. Meidina 72
15. Yasser 44 15. Rere 70
16. Reynaldi 50 16. Sutrawan 70
KKM 75
yang kurang, remed. Lihat d jadwal waktunya !!
Jumat, 06 Desember 2013
Sindrom Tangan Alien
Pada umumnya orang bisa mengendalikan dan menyadari gerakan tangan
dan kaki karena diatur oleh sistem saraf sadar. Tapi pada penderita
sindrom tangan alien, gerakan tangan benar-benar tidak terkontrol dan
tak disadari yang tentunya sangat merisaukan.
Sindrom tangan alien atau alien hand syndrom (AHS) bukanlah lelucon. Sindrom tangan alien merupakan gangguan saraf langka yang mana satu fungsi tangan bergerak tanpa sadar. Sindrom ini berbeda dengan penyakit Gerakan Bercermin ini dalam dunia medis dikenal dengan nama Mirror Movement disorder (MM).
Orang yang menderita sindrom tangan alien biasanya tanpa sadar menggerakkan tangannya sendiri, seperti menyentuh muka, meraba-raba benda di sekitarnya atau bahkan merobek-robek pakaian sendiri.
Bahkan untuk kasus yang cukup ekstrem, orang dengan AHS ini tanpa sadar akan memasukkan makanan ke dalam mulutnya, mencegah tangan normalnya menyelesaikan tugas-tugas sederhana sehingga mengakibatkan tersedak, atau mencekik lehernya sendiri.
"Hal ini tentunya sangat merisaukan, terkadang orang dengan AHS harus menggunakan tangan yang normal untuk menahan, memaksa atau mengontrol gerakan dari tangan aliennya," tulis Frederic Assal, MD, dari Departemen Ilmu Saraf Klinis di University Hospital di Jenewa, Swiss, dalam edisi online Annals of Neurology, seperti dilansir dari Foxnews, Jumat (11/6/2010).
Meskipun sindrom ini lebih dipandang sebagai gangguan saraf ketimbang ancaman medis, pasien sering mengalami masalah psikologis, malu dan kadang-kadang mengalami kondisi yang membahayakan diri sendiri.
Sindrom tangan alien yang juga dikenal dengan sindrom tangan anarkis (anarchic hand syndrome/AHS), pertama kali diidentifikasi pada tahun 1909 dan hanya ada 40 sampai 50 kasus yang tercatat waktu itu.
Penyebab sindrom ini masih sangat misterius. Namun, untuk membantu mengidentifikasi gangguan ini, Assal dan rekannya menggunakan functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) untuk melakukan scan (skrining) otak.
Scan otak dilakukan pada seorang pria usia 70 tahun yang menderita AHS setelah ia menderita stroke.
Scan otak dilakukan pada saat lengan pria tersebut diikat, sementara ia beristirahat. Pada saat orang tersebut memindahkan tangannya, hasil scan otak menunjukkan aktivitas di beberapa daerah otak.
Menurut Assal, selama terjadi gerakan-gerakan tangan alien, scan otak hanya menunjukkan aktivitas di sisi kanan otak, yaitu di daerah yang disebut korteks motor. Gerakan spontan dan sukarela yang melibatkan korteks motor ini tidak melibatkan bagian-bagian lain dari otak.
Tapi Assal dan rekannya tidak dapat menemukan pasien lain yang mengalami AHS, sehingga tidak jelas apakah gejala pada pasien ini mewakili gejala yang terjadi pada semua pasien sindrom tangan asing.
Namun dengan hasil ini, dokter setidaknya mengetahui bahwa temuan ini akan memberikan penjelasan baru tentang kontrol otak gerakan sukarela dan spontan.
Sumber : http://health.detik.com/read/2010/06/11/073514/1376042/763/sindrom-tangan-alien-yang-merisaukan
Sindrom tangan alien atau alien hand syndrom (AHS) bukanlah lelucon. Sindrom tangan alien merupakan gangguan saraf langka yang mana satu fungsi tangan bergerak tanpa sadar. Sindrom ini berbeda dengan penyakit Gerakan Bercermin ini dalam dunia medis dikenal dengan nama Mirror Movement disorder (MM).
Orang yang menderita sindrom tangan alien biasanya tanpa sadar menggerakkan tangannya sendiri, seperti menyentuh muka, meraba-raba benda di sekitarnya atau bahkan merobek-robek pakaian sendiri.
Bahkan untuk kasus yang cukup ekstrem, orang dengan AHS ini tanpa sadar akan memasukkan makanan ke dalam mulutnya, mencegah tangan normalnya menyelesaikan tugas-tugas sederhana sehingga mengakibatkan tersedak, atau mencekik lehernya sendiri.
"Hal ini tentunya sangat merisaukan, terkadang orang dengan AHS harus menggunakan tangan yang normal untuk menahan, memaksa atau mengontrol gerakan dari tangan aliennya," tulis Frederic Assal, MD, dari Departemen Ilmu Saraf Klinis di University Hospital di Jenewa, Swiss, dalam edisi online Annals of Neurology, seperti dilansir dari Foxnews, Jumat (11/6/2010).
Meskipun sindrom ini lebih dipandang sebagai gangguan saraf ketimbang ancaman medis, pasien sering mengalami masalah psikologis, malu dan kadang-kadang mengalami kondisi yang membahayakan diri sendiri.
Sindrom tangan alien yang juga dikenal dengan sindrom tangan anarkis (anarchic hand syndrome/AHS), pertama kali diidentifikasi pada tahun 1909 dan hanya ada 40 sampai 50 kasus yang tercatat waktu itu.
Penyebab sindrom ini masih sangat misterius. Namun, untuk membantu mengidentifikasi gangguan ini, Assal dan rekannya menggunakan functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) untuk melakukan scan (skrining) otak.
Scan otak dilakukan pada seorang pria usia 70 tahun yang menderita AHS setelah ia menderita stroke.
Scan otak dilakukan pada saat lengan pria tersebut diikat, sementara ia beristirahat. Pada saat orang tersebut memindahkan tangannya, hasil scan otak menunjukkan aktivitas di beberapa daerah otak.
Menurut Assal, selama terjadi gerakan-gerakan tangan alien, scan otak hanya menunjukkan aktivitas di sisi kanan otak, yaitu di daerah yang disebut korteks motor. Gerakan spontan dan sukarela yang melibatkan korteks motor ini tidak melibatkan bagian-bagian lain dari otak.
Tapi Assal dan rekannya tidak dapat menemukan pasien lain yang mengalami AHS, sehingga tidak jelas apakah gejala pada pasien ini mewakili gejala yang terjadi pada semua pasien sindrom tangan asing.
Namun dengan hasil ini, dokter setidaknya mengetahui bahwa temuan ini akan memberikan penjelasan baru tentang kontrol otak gerakan sukarela dan spontan.
Sumber : http://health.detik.com/read/2010/06/11/073514/1376042/763/sindrom-tangan-alien-yang-merisaukan
Minggu, 01 Desember 2013
PENGERTIAN DEFINISI EKOSISTEM
Ekosistem adalah
suatu sistem ekologi yang terbentuk oleh hubungan timbal balik antara
makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya. Ekosistem bisa dikatakan juga suatu
tatanan kesatuan secara utuh dan menyeluruh antara segenap unsur
lingkungan hidup yang saling mempengaruhi.
Komponen-komponen pembentuk ekosistem adalah Komponen hidup (biotik) dan Komponen tak hidup (abiotik). Kedua komponen tersebut berada pada suatu tempat dan berinteraksi membentuk suatu kesatuan yang teratur.
Ekosistem dapat dibagi-bagi berdasarkan segi fungsionalnya, yaitu:
Rantai makanan dan tingkat trofik
Produsen → konsumen→ dekomposer (pengurai)
Produsen → herbivora →carnivora → decomposer (pengurai)
Daur-Daur Makanan
Proses degradasi bahan organic yang panjang dan rumit itu mengendalikan sejumlah fungsi penting di dalam ekosistem, misalnya :
Pengendali Ekologi
Disebut Pengendali ekologi karena Ekosistem mampu memelihara dan mengatur diri sendiri seperti yang dilakukan oleh komponen-komponen populasi dan organisme-organismenya.
Komponen-komponen pembentuk ekosistem adalah Komponen hidup (biotik) dan Komponen tak hidup (abiotik). Kedua komponen tersebut berada pada suatu tempat dan berinteraksi membentuk suatu kesatuan yang teratur.
Ekosistem dapat dibagi-bagi berdasarkan segi fungsionalnya, yaitu:
- Sirkuit-sirkuit energi
- Rantai-rantai makanan
- Pola-pola keanekaragaman dalam waktu dan ruang
- Daur-daur makanan (biogeokimia)
- Perkembangan dan evolusi
- pengendali Ekologi
Rantai makanan dan tingkat trofik
Produsen → konsumen→ dekomposer (pengurai)
Produsen → herbivora →carnivora → decomposer (pengurai)
Daur-Daur Makanan
Proses degradasi bahan organic yang panjang dan rumit itu mengendalikan sejumlah fungsi penting di dalam ekosistem, misalnya :
- pendauran kembali hara-hara melalui mineralisasi bahan organic mati dan pemulihan secara mikroba
- pembentukan makanan untuk suatu urutan organisme-organisme di dalam rantai makanan detritus
- pembentukan senyawa-senyawa ectocrine yang bersifat mengatur
- modifikasi bahan-bahan yang lembam dari permukaan bumi
Pengendali Ekologi
Disebut Pengendali ekologi karena Ekosistem mampu memelihara dan mengatur diri sendiri seperti yang dilakukan oleh komponen-komponen populasi dan organisme-organismenya.
active passive in negative form
Rumus Umum : TO BE + V3
1. Simple Present Tense
Aktif : S + do/does + not + V1
Pasif : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + V3 + by + O
Contoh:
Aktif : She doesn't write the book
Pasif : The book isn't written by her
Aktif : I don't wash the car
Pasif : The car isn't washed by me
2. Present Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + V1-ing
Pasif : S + to be (am, are, is) + not + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She isn't reading the book
Pasif : The book isn't being read by her
3. Present Perfect Tense
Aktif : S + have/has + not + V3 + O
Pasif : S + have/has + not + been + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She hasn't written the book
Pasif : The book hasn't been written by her
Aktif : I haven't written the book
Pasif : The book hasn't been written by me
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + have/has + not + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + have/has + not + been + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She hasn't been reading the book
Pasif : The book hasn't been being read by her
Aktif : I haven't been washing the car
Pasif : The car hasn't been being washed by me
5. Simple Past Tense
Aktif : S + did + not + V1
Pasif : S + to be (was, were) + not + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She didn't write a letter
Pasif : A letter wasn't written by her
6. Past Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + to be (was, were) + not + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She wasn't washing the car
Pasif : The car wasn't being washed by her
7. Past Perfect Tense
Aktif : S + had + not + V3 + O
Pasif : S + had + not + been + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She hadn't washed the car
Pasif : The car hadn't been washed by her
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + had + not + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + had + not + been + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh:
Aktif : She hadn't been washing the car
Pasif : The car hadn't been being washed by her
9. Simple Future Tense
Aktif : S + will + not + V1 + O
Pasif : S + will + not + be + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She won't wash the car
Pasif : The car won't be washed by her
10. Future Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + will + not + be + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + will + not + be + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She won'tl be washing the car
Pasif : The car won't be being washed by her
11. Future Perfect Tense
Aktif : S + will + not + have + V3 + O
Pasif : S + will + not + have + been + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She won't have washed the car
Pasif : The car won't have been washed by her
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + will + not + have + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + will + not + have + been + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She won't have been washing the car
Pasif : The car won't have been being washed by her
13. Si mple Future Past Tense
Aktif : S + would +not + V1
Pasif : S + would + not + be + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She wouldn't wash the car
Pasif : The car wouldn't be washed by her
14. Future Past Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + would + not + be + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + would + not + be + being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She wouldn't be washing the car
Pasif : The car wouldn't be being washed by her
15. Future Past Perfect Tense
Aktif : S + would + not + have + V3 + O
Pasif : S + would + not + have + been + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She wouldn't have washed the car
Pasif : The car wouldn't have been washed by her
16. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Aktif : S + would + not + have + been + V1-ing + O
Pasif : S + would + not + have + been +being + V3 + by + O
Contoh :
Aktif : She wouldn't have been washing the car
Pasif : The car wouldn't have been being washed by her
related link :
Minggu, 24 November 2013
Mesin Plastik Yang Di Gerakkan Oleh Cahaya
Selamat datang di blog saya….
Beberapa
kimiawan di Jepang telah berhasil membuat sebuah mesin putar yang
seratus persen dijalankan oleh cahaya yang dipancarkan ke sebuah lapisan
polimer.
Lapisan
ini berkontraksi dan berekspansi pada saat cahaya mengenainya, karena
lapisan ini merupakan elastomer kristal cair, yaitu sebuah material
dengan rantai polimer panjang seperti karet, yang juga terdiri dari
susunan molekul-molekul mirip sel reseptor retina (kristal-kristal cair,
seperti yang digunakan pada televisi layar datar). Sinar ultraviolet
merubah susunan molekul-molekul kristal cair tersebut, sehingga membuat
lapisan elastomer menyusut. Penyusutan ini akan berbalik apabila
material terkena sinar tampak, dan menyebabkan lapisan polimer
berekspansi.
Kristal cair ini merespon terhadap cahaya karena dibuat menggunakan molekul-molekul azobenzen, yang ikatan rangkap nitrogen-nitrogen
pusatnya bisa mengadopsi dua konfigurasi berbeda. Jika kedua gugus
cabang molekul berada pada sisi berlawanan dari pusat N=N (konfigurasi
trans), maka molekul yang terbentuk lurus dan dengan mudah membentuk
kristal-kristal cair. Setelah terkena sinar UV, kedua gugus cabang
tersebut berada pada sisi yang sama dari pusat N=N (cis) sehingga
molekul yang terbentuk mengadopsi bentuk yang lebih melengkung seperti
bumerang.
Kelompok penelitian Tomiki
Ikeda di Institut Teknologi Tokyo, Yokohama, mencari cara bagaimana
menggunakan efek ini untuk mengubah cahaya menjadi gerakan.
Pertama-tama, mereka membuat sebuah pita silinder dari elastomer kristal
cair dan menggunakan pita silinder tersebut untuk menghubungkan dua
cakram, yang satu berdiameter 10mm dan yang lainnya 3mm.
Dengan
memberikan sinar UV pada bagian atas cakram yang lebih kecil dan sinar
tampak pada cakram yang lebih besar, mereka dapat memutar kedua cakram
tersebut. Menurut mereka, lapisan polimer pada pita berkontraksi setelah
terkena sinar UV sehingga menarik pita ke kiri. Pada bagian atas roda
yang lebih besar, dimana pita terkena sinar tampak, lapisan polimer pada
pita berekspansi sehingga mendorong roda dengan arah yang berlawanan
jarum jam.
David Leigh, seorang
kimiawan asal Edinburgh, yang telah mengembangkan motor molekuler,
menyambut baik temuan ini. “Contoh-contoh seperti ini, dimana efek
pergerakan tingkat molekuler yang terkontrol diekstrapolasi ke dunia
makroskopis secara langsung dan sangat dapat diamati, adalah ilustrasi
yang sangat penting tentang apa yang bisa dilakukan di masa mendatang,
sekalipun bidang motor molekuler ini masih dalam tahapan awal,” kata
David Leigh.
Bagi Ikeda, roda-roda
kecil yang diputar oleh cahaya, seperti yang mereka temukan ini, adalah
pertanda dari akan ditemukannya roda-roda besar yang diputar oleh
cahaya. “Saya mendambakan sebuah mobil yang semua komponennya terbuat
dari plastik, yang bergerak maju dan mundur dengan cahaya,” kata Ikeda
ke Chemistry Wold. “Mobil ini akan memiliki dua set cakram yang
ditutupi oleh pita dari material polimer fotomobile. Dengan menyaring
cahaya matahari menggunakan lembaran-lembaran plastik, kita bisa
menyinari bagian-bagian tertentu dari pita plastik pada cakram baik
dengan sinar UV atau sinar tampak untuk menggerakkan mobil plastik
tersebut.”
Terimaksih atas kunjungan anda…
Semoga artikel ini bermanfat untuk membantu dalam dalam informasi khususnya jurusan mesin..
Selasa, 19 November 2013
direct indirect Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES.
Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
He said, “I work in a factory” (Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech)
They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.
Example.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the person of object of reporting verb)
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t change)
TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
Present simple tense into Past simple
Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
Past simple into Past Perfect
Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect into Past Perfect
Future simple, will into would
Future Continuous, will be into would be
Future Perfect, will have into would have
Examples.
Note: The tense of reported speech
may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its
reporting verb belongs to past tense.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”
Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to past tense)
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
- Direct speech
- Indirect speech
Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
He said, “I work in a factory” (Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech)
They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.
Fundamental rules for indirect speech.
- Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
- Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
- Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
Example.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the person of object of reporting verb)
- Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.
- Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t change)
Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES.
TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
Present simple tense into Past simple
Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
Past simple into Past Perfect
Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect into Past Perfect
Future simple, will into would
Future Continuous, will be into would be
Future Perfect, will have into would have
Examples.
DIRECT SPEECH |
INDIRECT SPEECH |
PRESENT TENSE |
|
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE |
|
| He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer” |
He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country He said that he did not like computer. |
PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS |
|
| He said, “he is listening to the music” She said, “I am washing my clothes” They said, “we are enjoying the weather” I said, “it is raining” She said, “I am not laughing” |
He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing. |
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT |
|
| She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she have eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York. |
She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York. |
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS |
|
| He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” She said, “It has been raining for three days.” I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007” |
He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock. She said that it been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007. |
PAST TENSE |
|
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT |
|
| He said to me, “you answered correctly” John said, “they went to cinema” He said, “I made a table” She said, “I didn’t buy a car” |
He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. He said that he had made a table. She said that she had not bought a car. |
PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS |
|
| They said, “we were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” I said, “It was raining” She said, “I was not laughing” |
They said that they had been enjoying. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she not been laughing. |
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change) |
|
| She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal” They said, “we had not gone to New York. |
She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said they had not gone to New York. |
FUTURE TENSE |
|
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
|
|
| He said, “I will study the book” She said, “I will buy a computer” They said to me, “we will send you gifts” I said, “I will not take the exam” |
He said that he would study the book. She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me that they would send you gifts. I said that I would not take the exam. |
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
|
| I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” She said,” I will be shifting to new home” He said, “I will be working hard” He said, “he will not be flying kite” |
I said to him that I would be waiting for him. She said that she would be shifting to a new home. He said that he would be working hard. She said that he would not be flying kites. |
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
|
|
| He said, “I will have finished the work” She said, “they will have passed the examination” He said, “I will have gone” |
He said that he would have finished the work. She said that they would have passed the examination. He said that he would have gone. |
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”
Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to past tense)
just example for X.I
1. A terrible tornado damage the village severely.
2. the tsunami completely sweep away the whole town.
3.he writes love letter to amanda.
4. they are calling my boyfriend.
5. Bule cut my finger.
6. Our goverment develops good aducational system.
7. The woman is singing a song.
8. Player played the guitar.
9. Celine Dion washes the car everyday
10. the doctor is examining the patient at the moment.
11. they are lifting the stones.
12.
2. the tsunami completely sweep away the whole town.
3.he writes love letter to amanda.
4. they are calling my boyfriend.
5. Bule cut my finger.
6. Our goverment develops good aducational system.
7. The woman is singing a song.
8. Player played the guitar.
9. Celine Dion washes the car everyday
10. the doctor is examining the patient at the moment.
11. they are lifting the stones.
12.
Senin, 18 November 2013
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH for dk
Remasyl Remasyl Remasyl Remasyl Remasyl Remasyl Remasyl
Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang
diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung)
ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada
orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin
melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3
jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement (pernyataan)
II.
Command (perintah)
III.
Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect
Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am/is/are - was/were
Shall/will - should/would
Can - could
May - might
Must
Have/has to - had to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the following day
next week - the following week
tonight - that night
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
last night - the night before
last week - the week before,
the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3.
Tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple present - simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous - past continous
Present perfect
continous - past perfect continous
Simple future - past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect
Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan
(reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to me that + reported words
He told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali
twice.”
- Mary told her
friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat
pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan
tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to
Bandung tomorrow”
- John says that
he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II.
COMMAND
Command dibagi
dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah
positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya,
sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
to + infinitive
|
He told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your
book”
- He asked me to
open my book.
- Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
- Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
- John told Mary “Wait until I come”
- John told Mary to wait until he comes.
- The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John “Don’t wait
for me”
- Mary told John
not to wait for her.
- I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”
- I told him not to mention it to anyone.
- Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”
- Father asked her not to go there alone.
- Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
- Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.
- Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III.
QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan
langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where,
When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan
berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
Positive Form
|
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where
do you live ?”
- The man asked
me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan
langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan
dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if,
whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan
pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary
live near here?”
- The boy asked
John if Mary lived near there.
- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
- Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
- Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
- We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
- We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her
?”
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note : Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan
dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as
(karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang
dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian.
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She asked me
what the time was as her watch had
stopped.
- Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
- I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is
very good.
- I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.
- He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window
open ?
- She said that it was cold inside and
asked if the window was open.
Bila dalam
pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan
kata but
sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung
untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
- Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
- She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.
- I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
- Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?”
Yes, I did.
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.
- Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.
- Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was/were - had been
can - could
may - might
must & have
to - had to
must not - wasn’t to/musn’t
needn’t - didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
- The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
- The man asked me if I could speak English.
- Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
- Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the
exam.
- The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
- The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”
- The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
- The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.
mari saya ulang kembali agar kalian paham ( khususnya 11 anak cowok yang kemarin di ajarin tersendiri)
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
asal yang inti di atas kalian pahami, yakin deh kalian bisa.
semoga Bermanfaat n Selamat Berjuang !!!
mari saya ulang kembali agar kalian paham ( khususnya 11 anak cowok yang kemarin di ajarin tersendiri)
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “
I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly
3. D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “
I : Reza said that he was very sleepy
4. D : He has told you, “ I am writing “
I : He has told you that he is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “
I : Mothe advised her son to study hard
6. D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “
I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football
7. D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus
I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning
8. D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “
I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies
9. D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “
I : Mother asked her not to go there alone
10. D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “
I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much
asal yang inti di atas kalian pahami, yakin deh kalian bisa.
semoga Bermanfaat n Selamat Berjuang !!!
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)