Mesin Plastik Yang Di Gerakkan Oleh Cahaya

Selamat datang di blog saya….

Beberapa kimiawan di Jepang telah berhasil membuat sebuah mesin putar yang seratus persen dijalankan oleh cahaya yang dipancarkan ke sebuah lapisan polimer.

Lapisan ini berkontraksi dan berekspansi pada saat cahaya mengenainya, karena lapisan ini merupakan elastomer kristal cair, yaitu sebuah material dengan rantai polimer panjang seperti karet, yang juga terdiri dari susunan molekul-molekul mirip sel reseptor retina (kristal-kristal cair, seperti yang digunakan pada televisi layar datar). Sinar ultraviolet merubah susunan molekul-molekul kristal cair tersebut, sehingga membuat lapisan elastomer menyusut. Penyusutan ini akan berbalik apabila material terkena sinar tampak, dan menyebabkan lapisan polimer berekspansi.

Kristal cair ini merespon terhadap cahaya karena dibuat menggunakan molekul-molekul azobenzen, yang ikatan rangkap nitrogen-nitrogen pusatnya bisa mengadopsi dua konfigurasi berbeda. Jika kedua gugus cabang molekul berada pada sisi berlawanan dari pusat N=N (konfigurasi trans), maka molekul yang terbentuk lurus dan dengan mudah membentuk kristal-kristal cair. Setelah terkena sinar UV, kedua gugus cabang tersebut berada pada sisi yang sama dari pusat N=N (cis) sehingga molekul yang terbentuk mengadopsi bentuk yang lebih melengkung seperti bumerang.

Kelompok penelitian Tomiki Ikeda di Institut Teknologi Tokyo, Yokohama, mencari cara bagaimana menggunakan efek ini untuk mengubah cahaya menjadi gerakan. Pertama-tama, mereka membuat sebuah pita silinder dari elastomer kristal cair dan menggunakan pita silinder tersebut untuk menghubungkan dua cakram, yang satu berdiameter 10mm dan yang lainnya 3mm.

Dengan memberikan sinar UV pada bagian atas cakram yang lebih kecil dan sinar tampak pada cakram yang lebih besar, mereka dapat memutar kedua cakram tersebut. Menurut mereka, lapisan polimer pada pita berkontraksi setelah terkena sinar UV sehingga menarik pita ke kiri. Pada bagian atas roda yang lebih besar, dimana pita terkena sinar tampak, lapisan polimer pada pita berekspansi sehingga mendorong roda dengan arah yang berlawanan jarum jam.

David Leigh, seorang kimiawan asal Edinburgh, yang telah mengembangkan motor molekuler, menyambut baik temuan ini. “Contoh-contoh seperti ini, dimana efek pergerakan tingkat molekuler yang terkontrol diekstrapolasi ke dunia makroskopis secara langsung dan sangat dapat diamati, adalah ilustrasi yang sangat penting tentang apa yang bisa dilakukan di masa mendatang, sekalipun bidang motor molekuler ini masih dalam tahapan awal,” kata David Leigh.

Bagi Ikeda, roda-roda kecil yang diputar oleh cahaya, seperti yang mereka temukan ini, adalah pertanda dari akan ditemukannya roda-roda besar yang diputar oleh cahaya. “Saya mendambakan sebuah mobil yang semua komponennya terbuat dari plastik, yang bergerak maju dan mundur dengan cahaya,” kata Ikeda ke Chemistry Wold. “Mobil ini akan memiliki dua set cakram yang ditutupi oleh pita dari material polimer fotomobile. Dengan menyaring cahaya matahari menggunakan lembaran-lembaran plastik, kita bisa menyinari bagian-bagian tertentu dari pita plastik pada cakram baik dengan sinar UV atau sinar tampak untuk menggerakkan mobil plastik tersebut.”

Terimaksih atas kunjungan anda…

Semoga artikel ini bermanfat untuk membantu dalam dalam informasi khususnya jurusan mesin..

direct indirect Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES.

Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.

1. Direct speech
2. Indirect speech

Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
              He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)
              He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)
              They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)
              They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

Fundamental rules for indirect speech.

1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2. Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

Example.
       Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
       Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
       Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
       Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the                                                                                person of object of reporting verb)

1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

1. Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

Examples.
   Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
   Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
   Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t                                                                                    change)

Table for change in tense of reported speech for all TENSES.

     TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
     Present simple tense into Past simple
     Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
     Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
     Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
     Past simple into Past Perfect
     Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
     Past Perfect into Past Perfect
     Future simple, will into would
     Future Continuous, will be into would be
     Future Perfect, will have into would have

Examples.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer”	He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country He said that he did not like computer.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS
He said, “he is listening to the music” She said, “I am washing my clothes” They said, “we are enjoying the weather” I said, “it is raining” She said, “I am not laughing”	He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she have eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York.	She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” She said, “It has been raining for three days.” I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”	He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock. She said that it been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.
PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT
He said to me, “you answered correctly” John said, “they went to cinema” He said, “I made a table” She said, “I didn’t buy a car”	He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. He said that he had made a table. She said that she had not bought a car.
PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
They said, “we were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” I said, “It was raining” She said, “I was not laughing”	They said that they had been enjoying. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she not been laughing.
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)
She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal” They said, “we had not gone to New York.	She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said they had not gone to New York.
FUTURE TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE WILL changes into WOULD
He said, “I will study the book” She said, “I will buy a computer” They said to me, “we will send you gifts” I said, “I will not take the exam”	He said that he would study the book. She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me that they would send you gifts. I said that I would not take the exam.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” She said,” I will be shifting to new home” He said, “I will be working hard” He said, “he will not be flying kite”	I said to him that I would be waiting for him. She said that she would be shifting to a new home. He said that he would be working hard. She said that he would not be flying kites.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE
He said, “I will have finished the work” She said, “they will have passed the examination” He said, “I will have gone”	He said that he would have finished the work. She said that they would have passed the examination. He said that he would have gone.

Note: The tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense.

Examples.
       Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”
       Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
       Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
       Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east. (Tense didn’t change because                                    reported speech is a universal truth thought its reporting verb                                    belongs to past tense)

just example for X.I

1. A terrible tornado damage the village severely.
2. the tsunami completely sweep away the whole town.
3.he writes love letter to amanda.
4. they are calling my boyfriend.
5. Bule cut my finger.

6.  Our goverment develops good aducational system.
7.  The woman is singing a song.
8.  Player played the guitar.
9.  Celine Dion washes the car everyday
10.  the doctor is examining the patient at the moment.

11. they are lifting the stones.
12. 

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH for dk

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Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

I.         Statement (pernyataan)

II.      Command (perintah)

III.   Question (pertanyaan)

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

1.        To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                                       Indirect

Am/is/are                    -             was/were

Shall/will                     -             should/would

Can                             -             could

May                            -             might

Must                          

Have/has to                 -             had to

Ought to

2.        Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                                       Indirect

now                                 -           then

tomorrow                         -           the following day

next week                        -           the following week

tonight                             -           that night

today                               -           that day

yesterday                         -           the day before

last night                          -           the night before

last week                         -           the week before,

                                                    the precious week

here                                  -           there

this                                   -           that

these                                -           those

3.        Tenses

Direct                                       Indirect

Simple present                   -        simple past

Simple past

                                           -        past perfect

Present perfect

Present continous              -        past continous

Present perfect continous  -        past perfect continous

Simple future                     -        past future

I.         STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

e.g  - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

-   Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

-   Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

-   Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

-   Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

-   My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”

-   My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

-   Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”

-   Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

e.g  - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

-   Mary says “I have seen that film”

-   Mary says that she has seen that film.

-   My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”

-   My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

-   Tom says “I don’t like English”

-   Tom says that he don’t like English.

 II.      COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1.      Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

e.g   - He asked me “Open your book”

- He asked me to open my book.

-  Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

-  Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

-  Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

-  Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

-  John told Mary “Wait until I come”

-  John told Mary to wait until he comes.

-  The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”

-  The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

2.      Negative Command

Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

e.g   - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

- Mary told John not to wait for her.

-  I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

-  I told him not to mention it to anyone.

-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

-  Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”

-  Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

-  Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”

-  Mother asked John not to smoke too much.

III.   QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

Positive Form

He asked me       where

                 When etc.  

e.g   - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

- The man asked me where I lived.

-  John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

-  John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

-  I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”

-  I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

-  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”

-  He asked me how I would go there.

-  John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”

-  John asked the girl what her name was.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

e.g   - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

-  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

-  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

-  Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

-  Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

-  We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”

-  We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

-  Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”

-  Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

Note :    Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian

IV.   REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)

Bila pertanyaan dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as (karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian. Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :

e.g   - She asked me :”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.

- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.

-  Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.

-  Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.

-  I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very good.

-  I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent was very good.

-  He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”

-  He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was going.

-  She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window open ?

-  She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.

Bila dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.

e.g   - He asked me :”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.

-  He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.

-  Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.

-  Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.

-  She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.

-  She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I couldn’t.

-  I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.

-  Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.

-  Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night ?” Yes, I did.

-  Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had.

-  Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.

-  Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I was.

Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries

Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries

Direct                                       Indirect

Was/were                         -           had been

can                                   -           could

may                                  -           might

must & have to                -           had to

must not                          -           wasn’t to/musn’t

needn’t                            -           didn’t have to

e.g -  Mary said :” I was sick yesterday.”

-  Mary said that she had been sick the day before.

-  The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”

-  The man asked me if I could speak English.

-  Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”

-  Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.

-  Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”

-  Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.

-  The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”

-  The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”

-  The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”

-  The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.


mari saya ulang kembali agar kalian paham ( khususnya 11 anak cowok yang kemarin di ajarin tersendiri)

 Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

asal yang inti di atas kalian pahami, yakin deh kalian bisa.


semoga Bermanfaat n Selamat Berjuang !!!